History of the Dallas Cowboys Essay example - 1539 Words

Clint Murchison, Jr. and Bedford Wynne were awarded a National Football League (NFL) expansion franchise on January 28, 1960, located in Dallas, TX. At the annual meeting, they purchased the team for $600,000 (Bohls 1). They were given the status of a â€Å"swing team† meaning that they would play every other team in the league their first season of play. They were displaced in the Western Division Standings. Murchison’s and Wynne’s next moved was to high their front office personnel which were: Tex Schramm (General Manager), Gil Brandt (Director of Player Personnel), and Tom Landry as Head Coach. In the beginning there were called the Dallas Steers, then after a couple of weeks the name was changed and there were called the Dallas Rangers.†¦show more content†¦In 1966, a tradition was born as the first Thanksgiving Day was played, with is a ritual now that the Cowboys play on Thanksgiving (Dallas Cowboys 3). The first game was played and won against t he Cleveland Browns (26-14). This win put Dallas in the driver’s seat for playoff positioning for the first time in franchise history. Dallas went on to finish the year with a record of 10-3-1, the Eastern Conference Championship, and first post-season action. They would eventually lose in the Playoff Bowl on January 9, 1967 to the Baltimore Colts (Fleming 1). In 1967, they Cowboys put together back-to-back winning seasons, and earned the Capitol Division title (Fleming 1). This season the Cowboys won their first playoff game, but eventually lost to the Green Bay Packers. The Packers won the NFL title game with a score of 21-17, which is now classically known as the â€Å"Ice Bowl† (Prinalgin 1). The next couple of season ended in disappointment as the Cowboys made the playoffs but were embarrassed in 1968 and 1969. There was a shining light in 1969 when quarterback Roger Staubach returned from his military assignment--he had been drafted in 1964. The quarterback initially had to split playing time with the incumbent quarterback Craig Morton (Fleming 2). In 1970, the Dallas Cowboys started off the season sluggish, with a record of 5-4 midway through the season. The Cowboys won the final five games, won the NFC East title andShow MoreRelatedCowboys842 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team in the Eastern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). They are based in the Dallas suburb of Irving, Texas. The team currently plays their home games at Texas Stadium in Irving, but they are scheduled to move to a new stadium in nearby Arlington in 2009.[1] The Cowboys joined the NFL as a 1960 expansion team.[2] The teams national following might best be represented by its NFL record ofRead MoreA History of the ATT Stadium1730 Words   |  7 PagesThe Dallas Cowboys, America’s football team, one of the most well known professional football franchises in the sport’s history. The Cowboys own five super bowl titles, which were won in ’ 71, ’77, ’92, ’93 and ’95. They are also home to 19 renowned individuals who have been inducted into the NFL Hall of Fame including standout football stars Tony Dorsett, Emmit Smith, and Troy Aikman. Established in 1960, the Cowboys have been a dominating force on the field and still continue to produce to thisRead MoreTom Landry1138 Words   |  5 PagesNew York Giants (cemetery.state). He was not the only historical coach in the New York Giants program at the time. He coached alongside Vince Lombardi. â€Å"The tandem of Landry and Lombardi stands as the greatest assistant-coaching partnership in the history of the NFL† (Whittingham 84). In 1956, Landry decided to stop playing football, and hang it up for other opportunities. This would be coaching full time.†In 1956, [Landry] became the Giants’ full-time defensive coach.† (Moritz 270). During this timeRead MoreU.s. Olympic Committee, The Indianapolis Cowboys, And The Colonial Pga Tournament983 Words   |  4 Pagesinitiate, renew or terminate. The four options are NASCAR, U.S. Olympic Committee, the Dallas Cowboys, and The Colonial PGA Tournament in Fort Worth, Texas. Based on the strict criteria for the bank’s sports sponsorship â€Å"return on investment†, executives made their decision: (1) start a new relationship with NASCAR as its official bank, (2) renew the USOC sponsorship, (3) renew the sponsorship of Dallas Cowboys, and (4) exit after the 2006 Bank of America Colonial golf tournament sponsorship withoutRead MoreJerry Jones Leadership Papepr Essay2152 Words   |  9 PagesBackground Jerral Jerry Wayne Jones was born October 13, 1942, in Los Angeles, California. He is the owner and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys. As a co-captain of the 1964 National Championship Arkansas Razorbacks, Jones is one of a very small number of NFL owners who actually earned a significant level of success as football players. He is the only man in the history of the National Football League to play for a collegiate national championship football team and own a Super Bowl winner. A man ofRead MoreDallas, Texas State Of Texas Essay2424 Words   |  10 PagesBriefly Dallas Dallas is one of the largest and most developed cities in the state of Texas in the United States. Dallas is the 4th largest city in the United States because of its downtown location, and is also the city with the world s largest airport. Dallas, the largest city after Houston and San Antonio, is also one of the top ten cities in the United States. The city is located in the middle of a desert and is literally revived. Dallas, a Texas state, deserves more attention with its dynamicRead MoreMoving To Arlington Essay723 Words   |  3 PagesWestern side of Dallas and Eastern side of Fort Worth Metroplex. It is the seventh highly populated cities in Texas and fort-eighth in United States with a population density of about 360,000. Moving to Arlington TX is very convenient since it has a housing market which has been ranked fourth in the country in relation to affordability. With the presence of Six Flags over Texas, Texas Rangers Ballpark and the Six Flags theme park, the city has amazing entertainment infrastructure The History of ArlingtonRead MoreEssay On Sports Sport1691 Words   |  7 PagesAdam Jones to rob you of your first playoff win. He clearly doesnt have control of his locker room and to make things worse, he added controversial running back Joe Mixon. Throughout the roster you have multiple players with red flags in their history, and you have a coach that can barely lead his team. Weve seen the Bengals have some great teams over the years, and the only thing in common is its head coach. Management has hinted at looking in another direction depending on the results of thisRead MoreEssay about Is Cheerleading a Sport?636 Words   |  3 Pagesphysical prowess? Further into Fisher’s article, she attacks the Lakers Girls and the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, but what she doesn’t understand is that they only call themselves cheerleaders whereas they’re truly more along the lines of dance teams. These teams choose their girls based on their dance history and dance abilities alone; not your â€Å"typical† cheerleading rubric. For example, try watching the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders show and see how critical of body type and dance abilities they areRead MoreThe Governing Body And League Format For American Football1600 Words   |  7 Pagesdespite the NFL being two and half times more popular, showing that ‘America’s game’ is an incorrect reference as it does not reflect American society. Therefore it is no surprise that the NFL has significant cultural status within American society and history. The US is a symbol of the modern world, the new world order and football has grown and been shaped as a result of this. As a society the US is built on immigration, people leaving squalor in Europe where social mobility was next to impossible due

Reaching Your Potential Free Essays

After I read this article I fond out that managing yourself is a good way to be successful. There are some strategies of how to achieve higher levels of success, such as knowing yourself, excelling at critical tasks and demonstrating character and leadership. The purpose is to clear understand who you are and what your dream is. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaching Your Potential or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is one strategies really touched me is that knowing your self from strengths and weakness can help you to achieve your dream or goal. First, knowing yourself is telling you to understand what are your strengths and weaknesses when you start your career. Some people can easily tell what are their strengths, but hard to defined the weakness. Talking to other people who knows you is a good way to get the answer. After finding the weakness and strength, the next thing is to ask yourself about what is your dream work and what do you enjoy doing? Then keep your strength and face your weakness in order to reach your full potential. I do agree this strategy and it helps a lot, I still remember when I started working, I wasn’t good at communication at first. However, my job required me to communicate with different manufactures, so I need to negotiate with different departments and sometimes I am asked to go to the factory to see the quality of samples. It requires a certain level of communication skills. In order to practice my communication skill, I try to write down my points before conversations. After a lot of time practice, I can clearly state my point of view. I faced my weakness in order to do well with my job. I think those practices not only improve my working ability but also having a good effect even up to now. Secondly, Excelling at critical tasks is to know how to develop your skills and how to distribute times after a critical business meeting. In order to reach your potential, it requires introspection and certain proactive behaviors. This strategy reminds me of my previews manager when I working in a French fashion company. She is good at using spare time to find useful information. In my memory, she always came to office half hour earlier and collected some latest news from fashion newspaper and websites, and prepared work to each designer. This is a good way to distribute times and practice the skill of colleting useful information. Last but not least is demonstrating character and leadership, a leader is a good decision maker and benefits the organization’s overall performance, and also they need to speak up and make better choices. I think leadership is a major element in management field, and better leadership can make company better organized. In conclusion, the advice for you to reaching your potential is to identify your dream, develop the skills after finding your weakness, and exhibit character and leadership. How to cite Reaching Your Potential, Papers

Bilingualism Essay Example For Students

Bilingualism Essay The 14th Amendment in the United States Constitution dictates that any citizen of the United States shall receive the equal protection of civil rights, with due process of the law and cannot be discriminated against based upon race, origin, sex, class or political affiliation. Thus, educational policy in the United States is focused on providing the equal opportunities for all students. One heated debate in American education policy making is the use of bilingual education in public schools. Because there is a growing number of students (especially those in grade school) whose home language is not English, major literacy and learning disparities are created when non-english speaking students enroll in public schools that teach in English only. Students with limited English proficiency will have to work harder to achieve the same level of other students whose home language is English. Bilingual education is a program designed to alleviate the educational inequalities and disparities c aused by present educational system. The focus of bilingual education is to guarantee that these students:1. Learn the basic subjects (math, science, reading, social studies) in their home language from the time they enter school. The advantage of teaching students with limited English proficiency the basic subjects in their home language is that they will promote their academic progress while learning the English language. 2. Learn to read and write in the home language first, then eventually in English. Initial literacy skills are developed in the home language, and once the student is orally capable in English, literacy skills will continue in both languages. The misconception is that the student will have to learn to read all over again when studying English. This is wrong because when English is presented to the students, they will transfer the literacy skills gained from home language reading to English reading. 3. Begin learning English from the time they enter school. The de velopment of oral English skills first and then the development of English literacy skills Contrary to conservative belief, the learning of the English language is one of the primary goals of bilingual education. (http://www.edb.utexas.edu/coe/depts/CI/bilingue/be-def.html)Bilingual education and due process came under watch with the Supreme Court case of Lau vs. Nichols in 1973 in the city of San Francisco. According to San Franciscos state statute, one of the major goals of the school system is the proficiency of English for all students. However, the school system did not offer and ESL or remedial English class for 1,800 Chinese pupils. The pupils claimed that the school board was in violation of the equal protection clause in the 14th Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VI states that any person/group who are recipients of federal aid cannot discriminate against a person based on race, color, origin or class. (Zirkel, 115) The court decided that the fai lure to have remedial English classes for these 1800 Chinese students did violate Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, the court did not agree if the San Francisco school board was in violation of the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment but acknowledged that the lack of remedial English educational did hamper the educational opportunities for these Chinese students. The court also could not decide if bilingual educational is the solution for the learning disparities and inequalities.The inability of the Supreme Court to decide on the effectiveness of bilingual education left much room to debate in the American political landscape. Traditionally, politically organized ethnic groups have contributed greatly to the Democrat party. Republicans and other conservatives feel threatened by the increase power and voice of these groups. Thus, Republicans attacks the usefulness of Bilingual education and declares it unconstitutional. Actually, some republican members jo ined together and organized against bilingual education and the implementation of English as the official language of the United States. (Spring, 43) Making English the official language of the United States would only benefit those in power, majority culture will continue to maintain the current social order thus weakening ethnic politics. (Spring, 43)Bibliography:Bibliography1. Spring, Joel. Conflict of Interests: The Politics of American Education. .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc , .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc .postImageUrl , .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc , .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc:hover , .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc:visited , .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc:active { border:0!important; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc:active , .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u275a0ba9f5a956fc44882f38968bffdc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christmas Time at My Grandmother's House Essay 2. Zirkel, Perry A. A digest of supreme court decisions affecting education3. http://www.ncbe.gwu.edu/library/reports.htm) 4. (http://www.ncbe.gwu.edu/ncbepubs/resource/effectiveness/index.htm#Download)5. http://www.edb.utexas.edu/coe/depts/CI/bilingue/be-def.html)

Psychology of Implicit Attitudes

Introduction An implicit attitude refers to the hidden attitude that an individual may have towards something. It has been observed that most people have implicit attitudes towards people with disabilities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology of Implicit Attitudes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Implicit attitudes Discrimination of people with physical, emotional, social, and mental disabilities has mostly been as a result of the hidden cultural and social beliefs that given people might have against people with disabilities. Most people have been socialized to believe that people with disabilities are unable to function as full members of the society. Discrimination against people with disabilities is therefore a result of the implicit attitudes by certain people in the society. The Implicit Associated Test (IAT) has been used to measure the hidden beliefs of individuals towards people with disabilities. The test is computer based. The test enables one to measure attitudes that are not consciously acknowledged and thus prevents false reporting of the attitudes related to social desirability. The Implicit Associated Test that has been administered in certain communities is as shown below: â€Å"Strongly prefers able persons to disabled persons.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moderately prefers able persons to disabled persons. Little preference towards able and disabled persons. Slightly prefers disabled persons to able persons. Moderately prefers disabled to able persons. Strongly prefers disabled to able persons†. The responses generated from the Implicit Associated Test are meant to enable the individuals to be aware of the implicit attitudes they show towards people with disabilities. In addition, the responses enable individuals to be sensitized about the nature of implicit attitudes that able people have towards people with disabilities. Awareness, sensitization, and mobilization enhance capacity building on how to reduce the biasness that certain people have against people with disabilities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology of Implicit Attitudes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is recommended that biasness against people with disabilities should be avoided by all at all costs. This is because biasness against people with disabilities reduces equity and equality in issues of resource distribution and national development. To avoid biasness against people with disabilities, individuals should extend social interaction with people with disabilities in all contexts like at school, work place, at home or in the church. This essay on Psychology of Implicit Attitudes was written and submitted by user Mikayla Cline to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Decline of Puritinism essays

Decline of Puritinism essays The seventeenth century in American history witnessed the arrival of a devout religious group known as the Puritans to the New England area. Whether unsatisfied with the seemingly slow progress of the Protestant Reformation in their home country of England, or fearing for their lives because of anti-Puritan persecutions, they eventually made their way to the New World with the goal of living and worshipping freely for God. Though the Puritan settlement at Massachusetts Bay in 1630 was started off at a larger scale than any others in colonial America, the faith managed to fully lose its dominant cultural impact in these settlements in the nineteenth century. Essentially, this demise was the result of Puritanisms own strict social, political, and religious doctrines. Though the Puritans were essentially supporters of liberty, they were restrained in social conduct to a degree incomparable to any contemporary standards. The idea of religion and government as one functioning system, or paternalism, was at the heart of their colonial settlements. It was mutually agreed upon by the Puritans that the purpose of government was to enforce the will of God. Therefore, social aspects like dress and family were considered within the jurisdiction of the system, and an extensive and outrageous list of laws, called the sumptuary laws, was created concerning communal behavior. For women, lace was not considered an acceptable article of clothing in Puritan society, and their attire had to have acceptable sleeve measurements. At the same time, a man was subject to prosecution if he wore long hair, and men were not even allowed to kiss their wives in public situations. One man was forced to spend hours in the stocks for kissing his in front of his home afte r returning from three years at sea. In all actuality, such harsh social policies could have done nothing more effectively than bread dissenters over time. ...

Summary of Sartres The Transcendence of the Ego

Summary of Sartres The Transcendence of the Ego The Transcendence of the Ego  is a philosophical essay published by  Jean Paul Sartre  in 1936. In it, he sets out his view that the self or ego is not itself something that one is aware of. The model of consciousness that Sartre  provides in this essay  may be outlined as follows. Consciousness is always intentional; that is, it is always and necessarily consciousness of something. The object of consciousness can be almost any kind of thing: a physical object, a proposition, a state of affairs, a recollected image or moodanything that consciousness can apprehend. This is the â€Å"principle of intentionality† that forms the starting point for Husserls phenomenology.   Sartre radicalizes this principle by asserting that consciousness is nothing but intentionality. This means conceiving of consciousness as a pure activity, and denying that there is any ego which lies within, behind or beneath consciousness as its source or necessary condition. The justification of this claim is one of Sartres main purposes in The Transcendence of the Ego. Sartre first distinguishes between two modes of consciousness: unreflecting consciousness and reflecting consciousness. Unreflecting consciousness is simply my usual consciousness of things other than consciousness itself: birds, bees, a piece of music, the meaning of a sentence, a recollected face, etc. According to Sartre consciousness simultaneously posits and grasps its objects. And he describes such consciousness as positional and as thetic. What he means by these terms is not entirely clear, but he seems to be referring to the fact that in my consciousness of anything there is both activity and passivity. Consciousness of an object is positional in that it posits the object: that is, it directs itself to the object (e.g. an apple, or a tree) and attends to it. It is â€Å"thetic† in that consciousness confronts its object as something given to it, or as something that has already been posited. Sartre also claims that consciousness, even when it is unreflecting, is always minimally conscious of itself. This mode of consciousness he describes as non-positional and non-thetic indicating that in this mode, consciousness does not posit itself as an object, nor is it confronted by itself. Rather, this irreducible self-awareness is taken to be an invariable quality of both unreflecting and reflecting consciousness. A reflecting consciousness is one that is positing itself as its object. Fundamentally, says Sartre, the reflecting consciousness and the consciousness that is the object of reflection (the reflected consciousness) are identical. Nevertheless, we can distinguish between them, at least in abstraction, and so talk about two consciousnesses here: the reflecting and the reflected.  Ã‚   His main purpose in analyzing self-consciousness is to show that self-reflection does not support the thesis that there is an ego situated within or behind consciousness. He first distinguishes two kinds of reflection: (1) reflection on an earlier state of consciousness that is recalled to mind by memory–so this earlier state now becomes an object of present consciousness; and (2) reflection in the immediate present where consciousness takes itself as it is now for its object. Retrospective reflection of the first kind, he argues, reveals only an unreflecting consciousness of objects along with the non-positional self-awareness that is an invariable feature of consciousness. It does not reveal the presence of an I within consciousness.  Reflection of the second kind, which is the kind that Descartes is engaged in when he asserts â€Å"I think, therefore I am,† might be thought more likely to reveal this I. Sartre denies this, however, arguing that the I that conscious ness is commonly thought to encounter here is, in fact, the product of reflection. In the second half of the essay, he offers his explanation of how this occurs. Brief Summary Briefly, his account runs as follows. Discrete moments of reflective consciousness are unified by being interpreted as emanating from my states, actions, and characteristics, all of which extend beyond the present moment of reflection. For example, my consciousness of detesting something now and my consciousness of detesting the same thing at some other moment are united by the idea that I hate that thinghatred being a state that persists beyond the moments of conscious detestation. Actions perform a similar function. Thus, when Descartes asserts I am now doubting his consciousness is not engaged in a pure reflection on itself as it is at the present instant. He is allowing an awareness that this present moment of doubt is part of an action that began earlier and will continue for some time to inform his reflection. The discrete moments of doubt are unified by the action, and this unity is expressed in the I which he includes in his assertion.   The ego, then, is not discovered in reflection but is created by it. It is not, however, an abstraction, or a mere idea. Rather, it is the concrete totality of my reflective states of consciousness, constituted by them in the way that a melody is constituted by discrete notes. We do, says Sartre, apprehend the ego out of the corner of our eye when we reflect; but if we try to focus on it and make it the object of consciousness it necessarily disappears, since it only comes into being through consciousness reflecting on itself (not on the ego, which is something else). The conclusion Sartre draws from his analysis of consciousness is that phenomenology has no reason to posit an ego within or behind consciousness. He claims, moreover, that his view of the ego as something that reflecting consciousness constructs, and which should, therefore, be regarded as just another object of consciousness that, like all other such objects, transcends consciousness, has marked advantages. In particular, it furnishes a refutation of solipsism (the idea that the world consists of me and the contents of my mind), helps us overcome skepticism regarding the existence of other minds, and lays down the basis for an existentialist philosophy that genuinely engages the real world of people and things.

Filibustering Within the Senate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Filibustering Within the Senate - Research Paper Example The Supreme Court, in 1892, ruled that Senate rules could be changed through a simple majority, although this could occur only in March or January’s first day session. On this day, rules are determined anew with the rules not automatically continuous to the next session. Proponents refer to this as the constitutional option while opponents call it the nuclear option. Rule changes can be filibustered under rules currently in force in the US Senate, with two thirds of voting Senators needed to break it (Arenberg & Dove, 2012). In the US Senate, the process will still take floor time even if it is unsuccessful in the first attempt. Filibustering, however, is not a preserve of the US Senate. In particular, the Senate in Texas has a tradition of obstruction with over one hundred filibusters in the last seventy years (Newell, 2011). The State also has the longest filibuster in US history, lasting over forty-three hours in 1957. In fact, in 2003, Texas Senators fled the State in orde r to deny a quorum for the majority party. This shows that filibustering is not an anomaly of the US Senate, being a general phenomenon that also exists in Texas with Senators exploiting the rules in existence to gain leverage and block measures. The Texas state uses various filibustering forms, including prolonged speaking, quorum breaking, and dilatory motions that are meant to kill time (Brown, 2012). In addition, the Senate in Texas limits debate using a previous question motion, although this does not make it impossible to filibuster. Unlike the situation in the US Senate, Texas Senators need to apply actual effort in their filibustering. Texas Senators in a filibuster are limited to relevant topics with regards to the bill in the Senate and are not allowed to use the restroom, drink, or eat when presenting their speech (Maxwell et al, 2012). Texas Senate rules also prohibit leaning on chairs or sitting at any time under any circumstances when a Senator is on the floor of the h ouse and addressing the resolution or bill. The filibuster will end when there is voluntary withdrawal by the Senator or if the Senator violates the debate and decorum rules three times. The Senate will then vote after the third violations on a point of order that, if sustained, will see the Senator involuntarily yield his/her floor-time (Janda et al, 2013). In both the US and Texas Senate, it is worth noting that the manner in which Senators filibuster subtracts or adds from the difficulty of a filibuster that is active (Santos, 2011). It is easier for Senators to filibuster when seated, or even making repeated calls, quorum calls, or sending documents for loud reading by the chamber clerk. Speaking and standing is a taxing activity with the two Senates limiting the power of obstruction through interpretation of rules to ensure that filibustering is difficult. It also ensures that it is easier to call Senators to order (Beth, 2011). One instance in the Texas Senate saw three strike s against Senator Wendy Davis because another Senator helped her to re-strap her back brace. The other two violations involved germaneness requirements in the discussion of a Texas law that needed sonograms prior to abortions